2 10 132 https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2618/EN3414_Spring2024_civilrightspoem.jpg 021c09ffd006171ba54dbc1a453ef884 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Poem 34 from the Freedom Summer Poems Collection Abstract A summary of the resource. Poem 34 is one of forty-five poems and poem fragments written on butcher paper with markers and/or pens on topics related to the Civil Rights Movement. Poem 34 describes a row of shacks, but the collection, titled Freedom Summer Poems, as a whole includes poems about Mississippi but also references the Vietnam War and other international events. While the origin of the poems is unknown, notes in the accession record indicate that the poems may have been created by Civil Rights activists in Council of Federated Organizations safe houses in Jackson, MS, during Freedom Summer. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1964 Description An account of the resource The poem was written on butcher paper about a row of shacks in Sylvester, Georgia, that the speaker considers similar to shacks in New York City, New York, and the oppression of African Americans across the nation. The poet wrote mostly in black marker, but the line "with blacks" is written in red marker instead. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights movements -- Mississippi -- History -- 20th century ; African Americans -- Poetry ; Systematic oppression ; Poetry about Civil Rights Language A language of the resource en Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource May have been created by Civil Rights activists in Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Mississippi Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Physical: Text Digital: jpeg Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. circa 1964 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. Extent The size or duration of the resource. Physical: 2 cu. ft. Digital: 1.9 MB Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Physical: Butcher paper and markers Digital: image/jpeg Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context EN3414_Spring2024_civilrightspoem.jpg Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Unknown, “Poem 34 from the Freedom Summer Poems Collection,” Mississippi State University Libraries, accessed April 11, 2024, https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/items/show/2618. Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. A row of same looking shacks with blacks oppressed I saw in Sylvester Georgia New Neat in rows and stacks still shacks still oppression I saw in New York City https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2615/EN3414_Spring2024_CivilRightsLetter_[1].pdf d80873616279e0e8bc856bc36f0d6e8e PDF Text Text Chancery Court Fourth Monday in April Third Monday in February Fourth Monday in September First Monday in October CLERK OF THE CHANCERY AND CIRCUIT COURTS ISSAQUENA COUNTY MARY T. VANDEVENDER CLERK MARY Y. DAVIS DEPUTY MAYERSVILLE, MISSISSIPPI December 16, 1964 Hon.John Stennis United States Senator Committee on Armed Services Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. Stennis: I very much appreciate your letter of December 12 and can agree heantily with you that we have many, many, problems facing us in Mississippi. We here, in the small county of Issaquena (the smallest county in the State) are much concerned about the white trash from the North who have moved in our midst and ltting very openly with the ne gro boys and men. So many of our good citizens both colored and white would like to have them move back to the North 8.lld let us lave in peace and harmony once again. If there is anything that you, as one of our great statesma, can do to help us I would be most greatful. May I take this opportuni :;~r to wish you a very prosperous 1965 and may God be your help ma the many decisions which you will have to make in the coming years. Sincerely your friaad, ~J 0 a T.Vandevender Circuit and Chancery Clerk Issaquena County Mayersville, Miss. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter, Mary T. Vandevender to John Stennis, December 16,1964 Description An account of the resource Mary T. Vendevender's letter to John Stennis expressing the want to move interracial couples North in the 1960's. Vendevender expressed that she wanted to be able to live in peace and harmony again. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vandevender, Mary T. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-12-16 Subject The topic of the resource Interracial Couples--Mississippi; Civil Rights Movement--Mississippi; Higher Education-- Mississippi; Racial Justice; Freedom Summer Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Language A language of the resource en Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Meyersville (Miss.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Extent The size or duration of the resource. 952 MB Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. text/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context EN3414_Spring2024_CivilRightsLetter_[1].pdf Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2613/EN3414_Spring2024_FromMontgomeryToStennis_Corrected.pdf 427dde729fefadc0d315495bd5e05930 PDF Text Text LaRaviaEvans001 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from Douglas M. Montgomery to John C. Stennis, January 16, 1964 Description An account of the resource This is a letter with a letter head belonging to East Central Junior College most commonly known today as East Central Community College located in Decatur, Mississippi, written by Douglas M. Montgomery addressed to Stennis. Abstract A summary of the resource. A letter addressed to John C. Stennis from Douglas M. Montgomery talking about the new voting standards going up to eight years of schooling instead of the old standard which was five years. Montgomery talks about the contradiction between the six-year rule and the so-called Civil Rights Bill as compared to the specialists in the U.S. Office of Education being of use to Stennis during the discussion of the voting rights requirements portion of the Civil Rights Bill, talking about page five of the National Education Association Journal. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-01-16 Subject The topic of the resource Voting Rights--Mississippi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Montgomery, Douglas M. Language A language of the resource en Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Letter Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. The Honorable John C. Stennis Congress of the United States Washington, D.C. Mr. Stennis On page five of the January 1964, issue of the NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION JOURNAL is a very brief paragraph which I am sure will interest you, and I quote: "Eight years of schooling is now the minimum standard for those able to understand and communicate adequately in the working world, according to a specialist in the U.S. Office of Education. Until recently, the standard had been set at five years." This contradiction between the six-year rule and the so-called Civil Rights Bill as compared to specialists in the U.S. Office of Education may be of use to you during the discussion of the voting requirements portion of the Civil Rights Bill. Sincerely, Douglas M. Montgomery dm/cy https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2612/EN3414_Spring2024_TheNegroVoterInTheSouth_001.pdf 6faeb2e0128a3d5dd4097431e96a197f PDF Text Text Negro Registration: Present and Prospective DuRING THE PAST DECADE, egro registration has climbed steadily, if gradually. Today, there are at least 1,238,000 egroes on voting rolls in the Southern states. This figure, based on the estimated number of regi trants at the time of the 1956 general election, represents a gain of 229,400 over the 1,008,614 registered in 1952, which in turn was a 413,600 increase over the 595,000 registered in 1947. Despite this growth, the current figure represents only about 25 per cent of the 4,980,000 Negroes of voting age in the region, as compared to a 60 per cent registration among eligible white Southerners. 1 It should be observed at the outset that accurate registration figure are difficult to obtain. Voting lists often are out of date, bearing names of dead and non-resident citizens, and race frequently is recorded in a haphazard fashion. The figures used in this survey are based on information from voting officials, registration records, county-by-county reports, and interviews with informed observers. The Negro registration figures used probably are more accurate than the white. Officials tend to keep a closer check on egro registrants and they are more subject to periodic purges. Moreover, names of white regis~ trants may have been on the books 50 years, whereas egroes have been enfranchised only for 10 or 12; thus, it is far more likely that the white rolls are inflated and contain the names of those moved or deceased. In Georgia, for example, 63 of the state's 159 counties reported to the Secretary of State in 19 5 6 white registration totals which exceed the white population of voting age. 2 Calhoun County represented the extreme, reporting 187 per cent of its eligible white population on the voting rolls. Based then on the best estimates available, Texas leads the region in the number of Negroes registered-214,000-followed by Georgia with 163,389 and Louisiana with 161,410. The latter shows the greatest gain41,410- ince 1952; also, Negroes make up 18 per cent of the total registration in Louisiana, the highest among Southern state . Only in Mississippi did egro registration level off, or perhaps decline, Population figures are ba ed on the 1950 Cen us. In addition, 33 Georgia counties reported white regi tration representing 90 to 99 per cent of white population of voting age and 27 counties a white regi tration of from 80 to 89 per cent of the eligible. Only three countie reported egro registration in excess of 100 per cent of the egro eligibles, two from 90 to 99 per cent, and five 80 to 89 per cent. 1 2 l l I � https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2612/EN3414_Spring2024_TheNegroVoterInTheSouth_007.pdf f2384ff41d61b28cb03cb19e7a8742b9 PDF Text Text Legal Determinants T.rn LEGAL WEAPON most widely used in the South to discourage Negro registration is some form of literacy or constitutional interpretation test. This is the successor to the white primary, which was the most effective legal method for restricting voting for many years. ext in importance was the poll tax, which disfranchised Negroes and many low-income white citizens alike. By the time Negroe won the right to vote in primaries in the midforties, the poll tax was less of an economic hardship, due to the declining value of the dollar and higher incomes. Today only five states have a poll tax-Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia. While no longer the serious, regional problem it once was, the poll tax still can be used to limit registration. This is particularly evident in Virginia, where many citizens of both races find themselves disfranchised for non-payment of their "capitation" tax. In Alabama, where the poll tax was most formidable, the terms have been modified. The tax had been cumulative from ages 21 to 45, making the prospective voter liable for a maximum bill of $36, but an amendment to the state constitution ratified in 1951 made it cumulative for two years only and exempted persons 47 and over. With the outlawing of the white primary and the effectiveness of the poll tax declining, the white supremacists turned to literacy tests as a means of limiting Negro registration. Alabama, Virginia, Louisiana, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and North Carolina all have statutes providing for such tests. An understanding of Alabama's present registration law, evolved out of a federal court decision, erves as background for similar measures in other states. After the United States Supreme Court outlawed white primaries in 1944, the Alabama legislature passed the Boswell Amendment, which wa designed to continue di franchisement in another way. The amendment required any new registrant to be able to "read and write, understand and explain any article of the Constitution of the United States." In January, 1949, a three-judge federal district court said the phrase "understand and explain" was hopelessly vague and pointed out that registrars we1e neither lawyers nor in a position to know if an applicant's interpretation of the constitution was correct. In due time, the U. S. Supreme Court declined a review and let the lower court decision stand. In 1951 the present Voters Qualification Amendment was ratified; the "understand and explain" clause wa omitted, leaving a type of L7 ] � https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2612/EN3414_Spring2024_TheNegroVoterInTheSouth_013.pdf d922c9a554d605df70a3fea4d6a458a5 PDF Text Text time find registration difficult or impos ible. egroes appearing before the Board often have been que tioned for from 35 to 40 minutes; they have had to line up eparately, and the longer the line the longer the questioning. Strong,2 in his study of Jefferson County, described the method used by registrars to avoid suits with the following hypothetical case: a per on who failed to satisfy the board wa told orally he did not qualify; the applicant then secured an attorney and filed a suit, which was a signal for the board to register the plaintiff. His suit collap ed and no court had an opportunity to pass on Section 33 of the Alabama Code and the "qualified to register" phrase. 2 In Macon County, Ala., home of famed Tuskegee Institute, many college trained Negroes have found the barriers impregnable. egroe outnumber white persons about five to one; of the 14,539 of voting age, 1,100 have registered. By contrast, the Associated Press reported in April, 1956, that 2,700 out of a total Macon County white population of 5,000 had registered, or that fewer than 100 white persons over 21 had failed to do so. An Alabama observer said that the Board of Registrars would sit until all white citizens interested had registered and then resign. In any event, for the major part of 1956, there was no board in the county, for two of the three members resigned and it takes at least two to transact business. This was at least the third time in a decade this had happened. In North Carolina, as in other states with literacy laws, the registrar has considerable latitude. He can have the applicant copy indicated sections of the state constitution or he can dictate. Some egroes have protested the use of dictation, since a registrar often reads too fast or uses a particularly difficult section. However, the State Board of Elections has upheld a registrar's right to use this means of testing. 3 A Negro attorney in a rural eastern county of North Carolina said that in certain precincts of this and adjoining counties, "It takes a white man only a few minutes to get registered, but it may take an hour for a Negro. Actually, the latter i given an academic rather than a literacy test. In this wunty, the tests are tough and the literacy rate low, which doubly handicaps the Negro. The tests given here actually require an interpretation of law." A Negro college graduate in North Carolina who attempted to register for fhe May, 1956, primary said he was turned down because he could not write a section of the state constitution from memory. Some registrars 2 Donald S. Strong, Registration of Voters in Alabama, (Bureau of Public Administration, University of Alabama). ::see footnote 1 in previou chapter. [ 13 l � https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2612/EN3414_Spring2024_TheNegroVoterInTheSouth_019.pdf 6a9a13e85f659d33bfeae95873e7fc73 PDF Text Text ing in white homes only in a servant capacity. In 1940, Florida had 51 countie with no Negroes registered, by 1946, only four, and 10 year later only two. However, the number of counties in which Negroes are registered gives an exaggerated picture of the extent of Negro registration. In some counties, Negro electors constitute a small proportion of those on the voting list . This is seen, for example, in the following counties: County Flagler . Gadsden Liberty. Taylor . Union . Negro Population Over 21 872 10,930 333 1,945 2,453 Negro Percentage of Number of Negroes Total Population Registered, 1956 45.6 64 56.1 5 18.3 1 30.5 91 36.3 6 In the counties where Negro suffrage is limited most sharply, fear is a major deterring factor. In parts of the state, indirect methods are used to discourage Negro voters and the open threat has been reported, too. In one county, the first Negro registrants in history were subjected to several forms of intimidation-cross burnings, bomb-throwings and shots fired into their homes. All but one of the registrants in thi county withdrew their names from the rolls. In another Florida county, in the plantation section, it was reported that Negroes, most of whom live in rural areas, are discouraged from coming to the business district on election day. In still another county one supervisor of registration has told Negro applicants, "Come on in and register," while sitting with his legs streched across the door. Other Negroes complained that loungers around a courthouse told them, "Go ahead and register if you can take what comes afterwards." Field studies were made in a number of Georgia counties repre entative of the various sub-regional areas of the state. One of these is Early, located in the extreme southwest portion of Georgia on the Alabama line. It is in a cluster of counties considered the "hard core" of the state in terms of resistance to integration. In such counties as Early, Miller, Seminole, and Decatur, the egro population is from 30 to 50 per cent of the total. In other southwest counties such as Clay, Calhoun, Baker, Dougherty, Quitman, Randolph, Terrell, Lee, Sumter, Webster, and Stewart, the Negro percentage of the total population is over 50 per cent. The means of excluding Negroes as registrants in these counties is similar to that reported in other areas of the South. In some, there is the ever present threat of racial violence, which erupts on occasion. Often, police brutality against Negroes indicates to them they cannot depend upon law enforcement authorities to offer them protection if they try to vote. In recent [ 19 ] � https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2612/EN3414_Spring2024_TheNegroVoterInTheSouth_027.pdf f5efb7525b81320e0b07c883c06657d8 PDF Text Text In Arkansas, the registration record of Negroes in the state as a whole is decidedly less impressive than that of white citizens. Economic dependency and the lower income and educational status of Negroes are contributing factors. But the Arkansas consultant for this survey feels that an even greater cause of non-voting by Negroes is their exclusion from the entire business of politics, patronage, office holding, and policy making. Arkansas provides an interesting variation from the usual voting pattern of counties in the South with a high percentage of Negroes. Surprisingly, in this state there is a tendency in such counties for the level of white registration to be lower and that of Negro registration to be higher than in the counties with few or no Negroes. The egro population in Arkansas is concentrated in non-metropolitan areas, mostly in the eastern and southern counties bordering the states of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Traditionally, these are the areas of the plantation system, tenancy, one-crop agriculture (cotton), and restrictive race relations. In the past 20 years there have been marked changes, with many Negroes moving to cities for a number of reasons, including the mechanization of farms and the promise of better jobs elsewhere. With the exception of the larger urban areas, Negro population dropped strikingly in most Arkansas counties between 1940-50, particularly in those with a large proportion of Negroes. Still, the old order prevails to a large extent in these plantation counties. Negroes lag behind the white citizens in income and the number of school years completed and both races are below state and national averages. "Logically, any deterrence to Negro registration and voting would have been found in those areas," the Arkansas consultant commented. He thought the higher Negro registration may be due to "Negro political leadership developed to counteract widespread restrictive racial practices, which in turn tends partially to neutralize the limiting effects of low economic status on suffrage." In Texas, also, economic status has a definite bearing on Negro voting and as everywhere in the South the self-employed are far more likely to be politically active. The Negro's living still comes primarily from the land in Texas, where there are many independent Negro farmers. They raise cotton and timber in east Texas and rice in the south. The rice farmers sometimes control extremely large holdings. Some of those around the Jefferson County (Beaumont and Port Arthur) area at times gross over $100,000 a year. Many, however, are small farmers compelled to supplemen_t their annual income by part-time employment in the small towns and cities nearby. This in itself is an emancipating force, for it often marks the first step toward permanent urban habitation and, in some instances, unionization. The independent Negro farmers, with doctors, businessmen, ..1.. [ 27 ] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Negro Voter In The South Description An account of the resource Booklet of the rights for African American voters in the US South and ways to evade voter suppression. The pages featured here are excerpt from various sections of the book. Page one details African American voting as it stood in 1957. Page 7 outlines the legal issues that African Americans faced during voting. Page 13 states specific cases of voter suppression in the U.S. South. Page 19 provides a tabular representation of voter turnout for African Americans. Finally, page 27 provides another detailed glimpse into issues with voter turnout in specific areas of the South. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Price, Margaret Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Southern Regional Council Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957-09- Subject The topic of the resource Voter registration--United States ; Civil rights ; US South ; Voter suppression ; Voting rights Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Southern States Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1957-09- Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Physical pamphlet published by the Southern Regional Council. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2611/EN3414_Spring2024_MLK-Visits-MtZion.jpg 3ace69d3b1dbd9b4d47162cc84a5148a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Martin Luther King Jr. Visits Mt. Zion Church Description An account of the resource The photo of King Jr. and J.R. "Bud" Cole was taken in 1964 after the attack and murders of three civil rights workers. Cole was an Elder of the Black church and was asked to retell the story of the incident that is now known as the Mississippi Burn. The burning of the church Mt. Zion was a setup created by the KKK to capture Michael Schwerner who had been an active participant of boycotting biased businesses in the area. The murders of Goodman and Chaney were due to their association with Schwerner. The burning of the church was an attempt to capture Schwerner, but due to their failure in finding him, a trap was curated which led to the murder of Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Michael Schwerner. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mars, Florence, 1923-2006 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights movements--Mississippi--History--20th century ; African American churches ; Freedom Summer 1964 ; Martin Luther King (MLK) ; Bud Cole ; Mississippi Burn Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photograph Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource People Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MLK_BudCole_MtZion https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2610/Letter_from_John_C_Stennis.pdf bfd80a8f7ab53b475abfcedb21aab009 PDF Text Text RayanaBrown001 � https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2610/Letter_from_John_C_Stennis.1.pdf bfd80a8f7ab53b475abfcedb21aab009 PDF Text Text RayanaBrown001 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from John Stennis to Mr. Rodger E. Ownby Description An account of the resource The item is a paper that United States Senator John Stennis sent to citizen Mr. Rodger E. Ownby, who is from Jackson, Mississippi. The contents of the letter are typed, and it contains all of members of the Senate in the upper left hand corner of the letter. John C. Stennis expresses his concern to Mr. Rodger E. Ownby in the letter. Abstract A summary of the resource. In the letter, John Stennis agrees with Mr. Ownby's statement about the need for the voting campaign to be stopped. In addition, he expresses that he is grateful for Mr. Ownby's statement, but he also expresses his disappointment about not being able to stop the Civil Rights bill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stennis, John C. (John Cornelius), 1901-1995 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-07-08 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights movements--Mississippi--History--20th century; Civil rights workers; Freedom Summer; John C. Stennis https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2609/EN3414_Spring2024_VoterEducationProject.pdf 546a27c836f25bd7a7d29e1eaa6bc482 PDF Text Text NEWS RELEASE Voter Education Project5 Forsyth Street, N. Atlanta, Georgia Ja. 5-0595 or Ja. 2-8764FOR RELEASE: All Papers Sunday March 31, 1963 The Voter Education Project released today a chronological listing of 64 acts of violence and intimidation against Negroes in Mississippi since January 1961.Almost all of the incidents are directly related to efforts by Negroes to register to vote. The last item on the list is the March 27 dispersal by Greenwood policemen and their dogs of Negro registration applicants, and the jailing of registration workers. “We are sure this is not a complete list," said Wiley A. Branton, Director of the Voter Education Project."It does demonstrate conclusively, however, the pattern of discrimination and violence which exists in Mississippi, and makes Constitutional rights virtually inoperative in that state." The listing, he pointed out, does not include the riot at the University of Mississippi last fall, nor subsequent harassment of James Meredith. “All the world knows that story, as it does the earlier stories of Emmett Till and Mack Parker. This listing, nearly all of which has been compiled from the daily press, shows that what happened at the University should have been expected by anyone familiar with the Mississippi record." News Release - 2. Because of the near-fatal gun attack of February 28, 1963 against three voter registration workers, a concerted, saturation registration campaign was announced on March 1, 1963 in LeFlore County, Mississippi, of which Greenwood is the county seat. The LeFlore campaign represents the combined efforts of the Mississippi Council of Federated Organizations, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the Congress of Racial Equality, and the local NAACP Youth council. The announced objective of the campaign is to get every qualified Negro in LeFlore County registered to vote, if he or she has any desire to do so. This unprecedented concentration of resources in LeFlore County has led, said Branton, to unprecedented results. “For the first time in a Mississippi county, there has been a breakthrough of the fear which has held Negroes back. Since March 1, over 500 have waited determinedly at the Greenwood court house, trying to register. Because of the long drawn-out process in Mississippi, how many will be passed by the registrars is not yet known. Weekly mass meetings are thronged, and LeFlore Negroes are saying emphatically and courageously that they will not wait any longer to be treated as American citizens. them.0And police suppression will not stop News Release - 3.Branton also noted that the u. s. Department of Agriculture had made a welcome contribution to Negro morale by successfully pressuring the county to resume, on April 1, distribution of federal surplus food, which had been cutoff by the county last fall • .. This was interpreted by the local people," he said, "as an act of support and encouragement by the federal government." "However, he continued, 'the federal government has done little to protect the peace in LeFlore, or elsewhere in Mississippi. Sixty-eight years ago, in the case of In re Debs, the Supreme court said that the •entire strength of the nation may be used to enforce in any part of the land the full and free ·exercise of all national powers and the security of all rights entrusted by the Constitution to its care.• The peace of the United States is broken and shattered by the lawlessness in Mississippi. The federal government has an obligation, which it is not fulfilling, to restore it." The Voter Education Project is a program of the Southern Regional Council, with offices in Atlanta.-END'""' CHRONOLOGY OF VIOLENCE AND INTIMIDATION IN MISSISSIPPI SINCE 1961 1961 January 1, Greenville, Washingt-20 .. court'ty: /?Wo y9ung _white ~men\ rode a motorbike through a residential area and, according to the local police chief, fired a volley of shots into a group of Negroes. George Mayfield, 18, was seriously wounded in both legs: Percy Lee Simmons, 19, was shot in the right leg. March 30, Jackson, Hinds County: Club-swinging police and two police dogs chased more than 100 Negroes from a courthouse where nine Negro students were convicted for staging a sit-in demonstration. several were struck by the clubs and at least one person was bitten by the dogs. May 7, Jackson, ijinds County: Several white youths, riding in an open convertible, lassoed nine-year-old Negro Gloria Laverne Floyd with a wire and dragged her along the street. The girl suffered a deep gash in her head that required three stitches, cheek bruises, a laceration of her right shoulder, and burn marks on her neck. Police made arrests. August 15, Amite County: Robert Moses, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) registration worker, and three Negroes who had tried unsuccessfully to register in Liberty, were driving toward McComb when a county officer stopped them. He asked if Moses was the man " ••• who's been trying to register our niggers." All were taken to court and Moses was arrested for "impeding an officer in the discharge of his duties," fined $50 and spent two days in jail. Auqust 22, Amite County: Robert Moses went to Liberty with three Negroes, who made an unsuccessful attempt to register. A block from the courthouse, Moses was attacked and beaten by Billy Jack Caston, the sheriff's first cousin. Eight stitches were required to close a wound in Moses' head. Caston was acquitted of assault charges by an all-white jury before a justice of the peace. August 26, McComb, Pike County: Hollis Watkins, 20, and Elmer Hayes, 20, SNCC workers, were arrested while staging a sit-inat the F. w. Woolworth store and charged with breach of the peace. They spent 36 days in jail. August 27 and 29 1 McComb, Pi.ke County: Five Negro students from a local high school were convicted of breach of the peace following a sit-in at a variety store and bus terminal. They were sentenced to a $400 fine each and eight months in jail. One ofthese students, a girl of 15, was turned over to juvenile authorities, released, subsequently rearrested, and sentenced to12 months in a state school for delinquents.August 29, McComb, Pike Co~qu: Two Negro leaders were arrested in McComb as an aftermath of the sit-in protest march on city hall, charged with contributing to the delinquency of minors. They were Curtis c. Bryant of McComb, an official of the NAACP,and Cordelle Reagan, of SNCC. Each arrest was made on an affidavit signed by Police Chief George Guy, who said he had information that the two " ••• were behind some of this racial trouble."August 30, McComb, Pike County: SNCC workers Brenda Travis, 16,Robert Talbert, 19, and Isaac Lewis, 20, staged a sit-in in the McComb terminal of the Greyhound bus lines. They were arrested on charges of breach of the peace and failure to obey a policeman's order to move on. '!'hey spent 30 days in jail. September 5, L:ll?erty, Am=J:i:....£!?.!-mty: Travis Britt, SNCC registration worker, was attacked and beaten by whites on the courthouse lawn. Britt was accompanied at the time by Robert Moses. Britt said one man hit him more than 20 times. The attackers drove away in a truck. September 7, Tylertown, Walthall County: John Hardy, SNCC registration worker, took two Negroes to the county courthouse to register. The registrar told them he " ••. wasn't registering voters" that day. When the three turned to leave, Registrar John Q. Wood took a pistol from his desk and struck Hardy over the head from behind. Hardy was arrested and charged with disturbing the peace. September 13, Jackson, Hinds County: Fifteen Episcopal ministers(among them three Negroes) were arrested for asking to be served-2 - at the lunch counter of the Greyhound bus terminal. They were charged with inviting a breach of tm peace. They were found not guilty of the charge on May 21, 1962, by County Judge Russell Moore September 25, Liberty, Amite £g_un~: Herbert Lee, a Negro who had been active in voter registration, was shot and killed by white state representative E. H. Hurst in downtown Liberty. No prosecution was undertaken, the authorities explaining that the representative had shot in self-defense. October 4, McComb, Pike c9unty: The five students who were arrested as a result of the August 29 sit-in in McComb returned to school, but were refused admittance. At that, 116 students walked out and paraded downtown to the city hall in protest. Police arrested the entire crowd, but later released all but19, all of whom were 18 years old or older. They were charged with breach of the peace and contributing to the delinquency of minors and allowed to go free on bail totaling $3,700. At the trial on October 31, Judge Brumfield, finding the students guilty, and sentencing each to a $500 fine and six months in jail, said: “Some of you are local residents, some of you are outsiders. Those of you who are local residents are like sheep being led to the slaughter. If you continue to follow the advice of outside agitators, you will be like sheep and be slaughtered. “October 5, McComb, Pike County: Charles Sherrod was arrested on the street, thrown into a police car, and charged with resisting arrest. Cordelle Reagan was a~so arrested and charged with contributing to the delinquency of a minor. Both were fieldworkers for SNCC. October 11, McComb, Pike County: Paul Potter of Philadelphia, a vice president of the National Student Association and To Hayden of Atlanta, both white, were dragged from their car and beaten as they drove alongside a group of Negroes making an anti-segregation march. When the two slowed their car for a traffic light, a heavy-set white man opened the door and dragged the driver out and hit him several times. He then walked around to the other side of the car, opened the door and knocked the second man to the street. The incident occurred in the businessI-3 - section of the city. Octc,ber l1..&.. McCorg}?.,1., ..F_ils;e County: Police Officer B. F. Elmore shot and killed a Negro motorist. Police Chief George Guy said that Elmore said he had stopped Eli Brumfield at 4 a.m. for speeding. Brumfield allegedly jumped from his car with a pocketknife in his hand and attacked Elmore. A coroner's jury ruled Elmore fired in self-defense.October 22 1 Jackson, Hinds County: Dion Diamond, a SNCC worker, was arrested for "running a stop sign" after being followed all day. In court the next day, the arresting officer told thejudge, "He is a Freedom Rider. Throw the book at him." Diamond was refused legal counsel and fined $168.November 9, McComb, Pike County: Jerome smith, 22, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) field man, and four companions, Dorothy Smith, 18, Alice Thompson, 22, Thomas Valentine, 23, and George Raymond, 18, were attacked by a mob of 30 to 40 whites when they sought service at the lunch counter of the Greyhound bus terminal in McComb. Smith, who suffered head injuries when he was slugged with brass knuckles during the attack, said FBI agents were present at the time of the attack, but did "nothing but take notes" while the mob kicked and beat his companions. The victims were rescued from the mob by a Negro truck driver and Negro cabdrivers. November 10. Jackson, Hinds County: Jessie Divens, twelve-year old, was arrested for refusing to move to the rear of a city bus. Judge Carl Guernsey released the girl to the custody of the Rev. G. R. Horton, chaplain at Campbell College where she attended classes. Judge Guernsey continued the case until November 17,"with the understanding that the Rev. Mr. Horton and the child come back with a workable plan which would cause the child'smind to be concerned with education rather than social reformation. "November 18, McComb, Pike County: Persons unknown fired a shotgun blast into the bedroom of Dion Diamond and John Hardy at 702 Wall Street. Investigating officer Frank Williams found shotgun pellets embedded in the window frame. December 1, McComb, Pike County: Four white men attacked three- 4 - newsmen on the street, sending one crashing into a plate glass window of a store. The newsmen were Torn Uhrborck and Don Underwood, Life Magazine, and Simmons Fentress, Time Magazine.December2, McComb, Pike County: Police broke up an attempt by; white attackers to drag three Freedom Riders from an automobile at the Greyhound bus terminal. Four men kicked at the locked car and beat upon the windows in an attempt to reach the young Negroes and their driver, Thomas Gaither, field secretary of CORE. The police, who were standing by when the riders arrived aboard a bus from Jackson, pulled the men away from the car, but made no arrests. December 26, Jackson, Hinds County: Rafford Johnson, Negro, was severely beaten by two law officers after being involved in a minor collision with a car driven by a white woman. Johnson underwent surgery for skull injuries.-5 - 1962February 6, 1962, Clarksdale, Coahoma County: Miss Bessie Turner,19, a Negro, was walking with a young man down a Clarksdale street when Clarksdale police officers stopped them and accused Miss Turner of having been involved in a theft. Miss Turner said the officer stook her to the jail, forced her to unclothe and to lie on her back. She said one of the policemen then beat her between the legs with his belt. A few minutes later, Miss Turner said, the other officer beat her across her naked breasts. Miss Turner filed federal charges against the officers. March 15,1952. Sh~lby, Bolivar county: Aaron Henry, state president of the RAACP, was convicted in Justice of Peace Court on charges ofmakir~g ,!-)2:rvsrse advances on a white teen-age hitchhiker. Henrysta"'.:eC: ·::l1at the charges were a complete fabrication! 2.rd pr8sentedan alibi st~pported by sworn witnesses pealed .The con~Jiction has bee:1 ap-When he later stated in a press conferer.ce that the prose-cutor and the police chief, who figured in the trial, had conspiredto fiu'lmehim, Henry was sued by the two for defamation. A Mississip-pi white jury awarded the prosecutor $25,000 and the police chief,$15,000.April 12, 1962, Taylorsville, Smith County: Corporal Roman Duckworth, Jr.,u. s.Army, a Negro, was shot and killed by policeman Bill Kelly when, according to an NAACP news release, Duckworth" insisted on his right to sit where he chose on an interstate bus. "Policeman Kelly claimed that Duckworth was drunk and started-6- fighting. No charges were brought against Kelly. Duckworth was in route from Camp Ritchie, Maryland, to see his wife who was ill in a Laurel, Mississippi, hospital. April, 19~2, Lucedale, George Countv: Mrs. Ernestine Denham Talbert,•who lives in George County but teaches in Green County, was notified by the Green County School Board that her teaching contract would not be renewed. Mrs. Talbert had tried in January to regis-ter to vote but had been refused.May17,~1962, Bankin County: The Negro editor of the Mississippi Pres§ said he and a companion were beaten by Rankin County officers and a highway patrolman. Lawrence Hudson, Jr., of Jackson, said the beating occurred after he was stopped enroute from Jackson to Forest to check on a rumor that a Negro man had been killed by a white man. He was jailed, refused permission to phone a lawyer, tried the next day on several charges and fined $151.cr.une 21, 1962 1 Clarksdale~ Coahoma County: A white lawyer from Jackson and four college students were jailed in Clarksdale for 20 hours without outside communication. One of the students was a Negro. William Higgs, the lawyer, and the students were jailed on a Sunday night by county officers and were released the following day, without charges being filed against them. Julys, 1962, Jackson, Hinds County: Jesse Harris, 20, and Luvaghn Brown, 17, SNCC workers, charged that they were beaten and threat med with death while serving a 30-day sentence in the county jail for contempt of court. The young Negroes had refused to move from-7- •a court bench customarily occupied by whites while they were attending the trial of Mrs. Diane Nash Bevel.The young men said that,in the courthouse elevator, a deputy sheriff called Harris "a damned nigger" and beat him about the head with his fist.At the countyfarm, they were singled out as Freedom Riders and wore striped uniforms.Both were beaten by guards.Harris was beaten by a guardnamed "Keith" while other prisoners held him."Keith" beat himacross the back with a length of hose threatening, "Nigger, I'llkill you~"August 16, 1962, Greenwood, Leflore county: Sanuel Block, 23, SNCCfield secretary, said three white men accosted him in a parking lotand "started beating me with their fists."He said they threatenedhim and then beat him for about five minutes •."There is no use re-p:>rting it to local authoritie~" he said.August17,1962, Greenwoog, t,eflore County: SNCC workers SamuelI•Block, Luvaghn Brown, and Lawrence Guyot were forced to flee fromthe second story window of their voter registration office.Theysaid armed white men invaded the premises intent upon doing themharm.August 17, 1962, Ruleyille. Sunflower County: Mayor Charles Durroughasked Mr. Lenard Davis, a Negro employed by the city, what he knewabout the registration school being conducted at a Negro church.Mr. Davis replied that he didn't know anything at all about theschool, and did not attend any of the classes.The mayor then toldhim that he, the mayor, knew what kind of school they were having.-a- •The ma~or said he knew it 6resumably civil rights for the Negr9/was coming, but he wasn't aoing to allow it to be forced on them.The mayor said that anyone attending the school would be given aone~way ticket out of town, and if that wouldn't do it, they woulduse whatever they had available. (See entry below for September3, 1962.)August,1962,Greenwood,L~floreCOWJty: Welton McSwine, Jr., 14-year-old Negro, was arrested by police after a white woman's househad been broken into.an officer said:When police got the youth to the station,"All right, nigger, you know why you are here,and we want to know who broke into that white woman's house."McSwine told :'them he knew nothing of the incident, saying that hespent all his time in the cotton field, and suggesting that hismother could co~roborate this.McSwine said officers then tookhim to a cell and beat him, first hitting him in the head with ablackjack: then one of the policemen beat him in the face with hisfist while another hit him in the stomach with his club; then theofficers made him lie naked on the floor on his side while they beathim with a whip. McSwine was released after intercession of hisfather's white employer.August 21, 19§2, Liberty, Amite County: s·am Wells and Tommy Wea- •thersby went to the courthouse to register.While they were waitingto get into the registrar's office, they stood on the front porchof the courthouse.your -Deputy Sheriff Daniel Jones told them, "Getoff the front porch, and don't come back on." Weathers-by and Wells got off the porch.A few moments later, rain began,-9• · and the two wanted to take shelter in the courthouse, but DeputySheriff Jones would not permit it.August 21, Lil)e,;ty., . Amite county::~Dewey Greene, Jr .. , MississippiPress reporter, was taking pictures of Negroes waiting toregister at the courthouse ..An unidentified young man working inthe office down the hall from the registrar's office snatchedGreene's camera away, and refused to return it.Greene was toldto leave town by three white men, one of whom was flourishing alength of lead pipe.He left.August 29 1 1962, Clarksdale, Coahoma county: Seven Negroes werearrested after attending a voter registration meeting.David Dennis,CORE field secretary, was charged with "failure to yield right-ofway" after a police officer had forced him to submit to a longharangue of threats and abuse.Samuel Block, John Hodges, J. L.Harris, Richard T. Gray, and Albert Garrer, SNCC field workers, andDewey Greene, Jr., reporter for the Mississippi~ Press, wereforced by Clarksdale police to alight from their car, and werecharged with loitering in violation of the city curfew.August 30 1 1962, Indianq_~a, Sunflower County: SNCC workers C.R.McLauren, Albert Garner, J.o. Hodges, Samuel Block, and RobertMoses were arrested by Indianola police on a charge of distributingliterature without a permit.The registration workers had been tak-ing leaflets announcing a registration mass meeting door-to-door inthe Negro community.Lafayette Surney, 17, another SNCC worker, wasarrested and then released to Rev. James Bevel, of the Southern-10- Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).August 31, Indianola, Sunflowe ~t.:·. County:During the trial of SamuelBlock on ~harges of distributing literature without a permit, theMunicipal Judge informed Block that he could cross-examine the arresting officer.Block asked the officer, "Did you actually see mehand out a leaflet?"The judge turned to the officer and said, "Hecan ask you anything he wants to, but you don't have to anS11er."The judge told Lafayette Sumey if he was caught in Indianola "agitating" again, he would be sent to the penal farm.September 3, 1962, Ruleville, sunflower County: Because of registration activity, two Negro-owned dry cleanin9 establishments wereclosed (allegedly for violating city ordinances).September 3, 1962 1 Ruleville, Sunflower County: Lenard Davis, 49,sanitation department worker, was told by Mayor Charles M. Durrough,"We're going to let you go.school."Your wife's been attending that(He referred to a registration school conducted by SNCCworkers in Ruleville.)September 3, 1962, Ruleville, Sunflower County:Fred Hicks, 40, whodrove field workers to the plantations, was told he could no longeruse a bus without a commercial license.Hicks said the bus ownertold him that, because Hicks' mother had registered to vote: "Wegonna see how tight we can make it - gonna make it just as tight aswe can.Gonna be rougher and rougher than you think it is."September 3, 1962 1 Ruleville, Sunflower County: Moses and ArnzieMoore, a local Negro leader, were walking down the street.A whiteman in a pickup truck drew up alongside and asked if they were the-11- "folks getting the people to register."answered, yes, they were.The man asked if they could come outto his plantation to reg is tel~ people.they could come.Moses and MooreThe two answered, yes,The man said then, "I'-ve got a shotgun waitingfor you, double barrel."September 3, Ruleville, Sunflower county:A letter from MayorDurrough notified the Williams Chapel Missionary Baptist Churchthat tax exemption and free water were being cut off becausethe property was being used for "purposes other than worshipservices."The church was a meeting place for voter registrationworkers.September 10, Ruleville, Sunflower County:Marylene Burkes,20,and Vivian Hillet, 19, were severely wounded when an unidentified assailant fired through the window of Miss Hillet'sgrandparents• home.The grandparents had been active in voterregistration work.October 3, Biloxi, Harrison county:ANegro frame residence anda gasoline station were ·targets for two "Molotov cocktails" whichcaused more than $4,000 damage.One of the bombs struck thehome of Dr. Gilbert Mason, a Negro physician, who is active inintegration efforts.The other crashed through the window ofa service station operated by Emmett Clark, a Negro.Octobers. Harmony, Leake County:4Night riders fired shotgunsinto eight Negro homes and a Negro store.An elderly Negrosaid he was struck in the knee by a squirrel shot while he andhis 9-year-old grandson were sleeping.seriously hurt.He said he was notHarmony Negroes had recently petitioned authori-ties for school desegregation.October 10, Columbus, Lowndes County: A"M~lotov c_o cktail" wastossed from a speeding car into the home of Dr. James L. Allenof Columbus, vice chairman of the Mis~issippi Advisory Committee-12- to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.October 29, ClarkSd~-~ t Co~11oma Coun~:Charles McLaurin, SNCCregistration worker, was stopped by police as he was taking agroup home from the courthouse.to vote.~he group had tried to registerThe officer asked to see McLaurin's driver's license.McLaurin showed it.doing there.The officer asked McLaurin what he wasMcLaurin told him he worked in voter registration.Then, accompanied by obscene remarks, the officer said, "Nigger,do you know the way out of town?McLaurin replied, "Yes."The officer said, with more obscenity, ''Nigger!can't you say•yes, sir? 111 The officer's partner asked the officer what charger·hould be put on the tickets.The officer said, "Charge the- - - - $26 on both charges.""Nigger, you got $52?"replied, "No."McLaurinThe officer said, "Then you• re going to jail."At the jail, McLaurin learned that the officer was ClarksdalePolice Chief Ben Collins.McLaurin was in jail a few minuteswhen his companions posted bond for him in the amount of $103.They decided to forf~it bond rather than run the risk of a higher fine or incur the legal expense of an appeal.October 31, Jackson, Hinds county:minister,Thomas E. Johnson, a whiteand a member of the Mississippi Advisory Committeeto the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights1 saw a group of neighborsdumping garbage on his lawn.Johnson had just returned fromtaking his car to a safe place because of threats by neighborsto damage it.Johnson sought a peace bond againstthe man whom he had observed leading the garbage-dumping-13- operations of his neighbors.The man presented eleven witnesseswho swore that he had been in their presence at all times on theevening in question.The Justice of the Peace accepted theirtestimony and refused the bond.Then the Hinds County Grand Juryindicted Johnson and his wife on perjury charges, because of theirtestimony at the peace bond hearing.November 6, 1962, Greenville, Washington County: Two WAF's and twoairmen (all white) from the Greenville Air Force Base were fined $55and given 30-day suspended sentences on charges of creating a disturbance by entering a restaurant and seeking service with two Negrovoter registration workers.December 26, 1962 1 Clarksdale, Coahoma County: Ivanhoe Donaldsonand Benjamin Taylor, students from Detroit, brought a truckload offood, clothing and medicines for distribution to the Delta's needyfamilies who had been cut off from federal surplus commodities.(The medicines had been donated by a physician in Louisville, andwere consigned to Aaron Henry, a licensed pharmacist.)They werearrested by Clarksdale police and held for "investigation.0Afterpolice searched the truck on December 27, and found what they de~s·<i?ri'bed as "a drug used to ease the pain of middle-aged women, "Donaldson and Taylor were charged with possession of narcotics andbond was set at $15,000.Bond was later reduced to $1,500.-14- 1963January 17, Canton, Madison County:The castrated and mutilatedbody of Sylvester M~xwell, 24-year-old Negro, was found by hisbrother-in-law less than 500 yards from the home of a whitefamily.Mississippi NAACP Field Secretary Medger Evers termedthe slaying a "probable lynching."February 2, Greenwood, Leflore County:Willie Peacock, SNCCreg'stration worker, complained to the Justice Department tha'i.officials had refused to register him on two occasions, and hadrejected his poll tax payment for this year.February 20, Greenwood, Leflore County~Four Negro businesseson the same street as the SNCC voter registration office wereburned to the ground.Mrs. Nancy Brand, a worker in the SNCCoffice, reported an anonymous telephone call in which a man'svoice asked her if she ever came to the office.When she saidyes, the voice said, "You won't be going down there anymore,that's been taken care of."The burned businesses were Jackson'sGarage, George's Cafe, Porter's Pressing Shop, and the EsquireClub.The pressing shop is next door to the SNCC office, and SNCCworkers believed the businesses were burned by mistake.SamBlock, SNCC Field Secretary, was arrested two days later forsuggesting there was some connection between the burnings andthe registration efforts of SNCC.He was charged with circulatingstatements calculated to create a breach of the peace.-15- February 28~. Greenwood, Leflore county:were attacked with gunfire onwood.u.s.Three registration worker s·Highway 82 just outside Green-The shots were fired from a 1962 white Buick.The car inwhich the workers were riding was p~nctured by eleven bullets.One worker;. James Travis of SNCC, was wounded in the neck andshoulder.March 4, Clarksdale, Coahoma County:'the show windows in theFourth Street Drug store were smashed, as they have been severaltimes in the past.The proprietor of the store, Aaron Henry,found the damage when he returned from speaking at a massmeeting in Leflore County in connectiQn with the voter registrationdrive there.March 6, Greenwood, Leflore County: Samuel Block and threeothers were fired on from a station wagon which pulled up beside their car as they were parked in front of the SNCC voterregistration office.Both front windows were shattered.Policelater found the wadding from a shotgun shell buried in thehead-liner of Block's car, and several pellets in the wallof the building in front of which the car had been parked.March 12, Greenwood, Leflore county:A twelve-year-old Negrogirl was atta~ed by an egg-throwing truckload of white teenaged boys.The girl suffered facial bruises.March 20 1 1963 1 Jackson, Hinds County:#Three shots were firedthrough the windshield of a car belonging to Mrs. Mattie Dennis while it was parked in front of the home of Mrs. Dennis• cousin ,whom she was visiting.Mrs. Dennis is the wife of David Dennis, CORE Pield Secretary for Mississippi.Both have been active invoter registration.March 24, 1963, Greenwood, Leflore county:Fire destroyedpartially the interior of the voter registration office at 115 E.McLaurin St., making the office unusable and necessitating asearch for new headquarters.Witnesses said they saw two whitemen fleeing the scene shortly before the fire was discovered.March 26, 1963, Greenwood, _Leflore County:A shotgun blastripped into the home of Dewey Greene, Sr., father of the latestNegro applicant to the University of Mississippi.Another ofMr. Greene's sons and a daughter have been active in .the LefloreCounty registration project.Greenwood police said they wereinvestigating.March 27, 1963, Greenwood, Leflore county:James Forman,Executive Secretary of SNCC, Bob Moses, and about ten otherregistration workers were arrested and taken from a group enroute to the courthouse to register after the police disperseda group of more than 100 ~egroes with the use of police dogs.(30)-17- https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2609/EN3414_Spring2024_VoterEducationProject.1.pdf 546a27c836f25bd7a7d29e1eaa6bc482 PDF Text Text NEWS RELEASE Voter Education Project 5 Forsyth Street, N. w. Atlanta, Georgia Ja. 5-0595 or Ja. 2-8764 FOR RELEASE: All Papers Sunday March 31, 1963 The Voter Education Project released today a chronological listing of 64 acts of violence and intimidation against Negroes in Mississippi since January 1961. Almost all of the incidents are directly related to efforts by Negroes to register to vote. The last item on the list is the March 27 dispersal by Greenwood policemen and their dogs of Negro registration applicants, and the jailing of registration workers. "We are sure this is not a complete list," said Wiley A. Branton, Director of the Voter Education Project. "It does demonstrate conclusively, however, the pattern of discrimination and violence which exists in Mississippi, and makes Constitutional rights virtually inoperative in that state." The listing, he pointed out, does not include the riot at the University of Mississippi last fall, nor subsequent harassment of James Meredith. "All the world knows that story, as it does the earlier stories of Emmett Till and Mack Parker. This listing, nearly all of which has been compiled from the daily press, shows that what happened at the University should have been expected by anyone familiar with the Mississippi record." �News Release - 2. Because of the near-fatal gun attack of February 28, 1963 against three voter registration workers, a concerted, saturation registration campaign was announced on March 1, 1963 in LeFlore County, Mississippi, of which Greenwood is the county seat. The LeFlore campaign represents the combined efforts of the Mississippi Council of Federated Organizations, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the Congress of Racial E~uality, and the local NAACP Youth council. The announced objective of the campaign is to get every qualified Negro in LeFlore County registered to vote, if he or she has any desire to do so. This unprecedented concentration of resources in LeFlore County has led, said Branton, to unprecedented results. "For the first time in a Mississippi county, there has been a breakthrough of the fear which has held Negroes back. Since March 1, over 500 have waited determinedly at the Greenwood court house, trying to register. Because of the long drawn- out process in Mississippi, how many will be passed by the registrars is not yet known. Weekly mass meetings are thronged, and LeFlore Negroes are saying emphatically and courageously that they will not wait any longer to be treated as American citizens. them. 0 And police suppression will not stop �~s_Release - 3. Branton also noted that the u. s. Department of Agriculture had made a welcome contribution to Negro morale by successfully pressuring the county to resume, on April 1, distribution of federal surplus food, which had been cut off by the county last fall • .. This was interpreted by the local people," he said, "as an act of support and encouragement by the federal government." "However, 11 he continued, 'the federal government has 1 done little to protect the peace in LeFlore, or elsewhere in Mississippi. Sixty-eight years ago, in the case of In re Debs, the Supreme court said that the •entire strength of the nation may be used to enforce in any part of the land the full and free ·exercise of all national powers and the security of all rights entrusted by the Constitution to its care.• The peace of the United States is broken and shattered by the lawlessness in Mississippi. The federal government has an obligation, which it is not fulfilling, to restore it." The Voter Education Project is a program of the Southern Regional Council, with offices in Atlanta. -END'""' �CHRONOLOGY OF VIOJ&~CE JUID INTIMIDATION IN MISSISSIPPI SINCE 1961 1.2§.! Januarx 1, Greenville, Washingt-20 .. court'ty: /?Wo y9ung _white ~men\ rode a motorbike through a residential area and, according to the local police chief, fired a volley of shots into a group of Negroes. George Mayfield, 18, was seriously wounded in both legs: Percy Lee Simmons, 19, was shot in the right leg. March 30, Jackson, Hinds County: Club-swinging police and two police dogs chased more than 100 Negroes from a courthouse where nine Negro students were convicted for staging a sit-in demonstration. several were struck by the clubs and at least one person was bitten by the dogs. May 7, Jackson, ijinds County: Several white youths, riding in an open convertible, lassoed nine-year-old Negro Gloria Laverne Floyd with a wire and dragged her along the street. The girl suffered a deep gash in her head that required three stitches, cheek bruises, a laceration of her right shoulder, and burn marks on her neck. Police made arrests. August 15, Amite County: Robert Moses, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) registration worker, and three Negroes who had tried unsuccessfully to register in Liberty, were driving toward McComb when a county officer stopped them. He asked if Moses was the man " ••• who's been tring to register our niggers." All were taken to court and Moses was arrested for "impeding an officer in the discharge of his duties," fined $50 and spent two days in jail. Auqust 22, Amite County: Robert Moses went to Liberty with three Negroes, who made an unsuccessful attempt to register. A block from the courthouse, Moses was attacked and beaten by Billy Jack Caston, the sheriff's first cousin. Eight stitches were required to close a wound in Moses' head. Caston was acquitted of assault charges by an all-white jury before a justice of the peace. �August 26, McComb, Pike County: Hollis Watkins, 20, and Elmer Hayes, 20, SNCC workers, were arrested while staging a sit-in at the F. w. Woolworth store and charged with breach of the peace. They spent 36 days in jail. August 27 and 29 1 McComb, Pi.ke County: Five Negro students from a local high school were convicted of breach of the peace following a sit-in at a variety store and bus terminal. They were sentenced to a $400 fine each and eight months in jail. One of these students, a girl of 15, was turned over to juvenile authorities, released, subsequently rearrested, and sentenced to 12 months in a state_school for delinquents. August 29, McComb, Pike Co~qu: Two Negro leaders were arrested in McComb as an aftermath of the sit-in protest march on city hall, charged with contributing to the delinquenc.y of minors. They were Curtis c. Bryant of McComb, an official of the NAACP, and Cordelle Reagan, of SNCC. Each arrest was made on an affidavit signed by Police Chief George Guy, who said he had information that the two " ••• were behind some of this racial trouble." August 30, McComb, Pike County: SNCC workers Brenda Travis, 16, Robert Talbert, 19, and Isaac Lewis, 20, staged a sit-in in the McComb terminal of the Greyhound bus lines. They were arrested on cha~ges of breach of tbe peace and failure to obey a policeman's order to move on. '!'hey spent 30 days in jail. Septexru:>er 5, L:ll?erty, Am=J:i:....£!?.!-mty: Travis Britt, SNCC registration worker, was attacked and beaten by whites on the courthouse lawn. Britt was accompanied at the time by Robert Moses. Britt said one man hit him more than 20 times. The attackers drove away in a truck. Septem~er 7, Tylertown, Walthall County: John Hardy, SNCC registration worker, took two Negroes to the county courthouse to register. The registrar told them he " ••. wasn't registering voters" that day. When the three turned to leave, Registrar John Q. Wood took a pistol from his desk and struck Hardy over the head from behind. Hardy was arrested and charged with disturbing the peace. September 13, Jackson, Hinds County: Fifteen Episcopal ministers (among them three Negroes) were arrested for asking to be served - 2 - �at the lunch counter of the Greyhound bus terminal. They were charged with inviting a breach of tm peace. They were found not guilty of the charge on May 21, 1962, by County Judge Russell Moore • .§!!ptember 25, Liberty, Amite £g_un~: Herbert Lee, a Negro who had been active in voter registration, was shot and killed by white state representative E. H. Hurst in downtown Liberty. No prosecution was undertaken, the authorities explaining that the representative had shot in self-defense. October 4, McComb, Pike c9unty: The five students who were arrested as a result of the August 29 sit-in in McComb returned to school, but were refused admittance. At that, 116 students walked out and paraded downtown to the city hall in protest. Police arrested the entire crowd, but later released all but 19, all of whom were 18 years old or older. They were charged with breach of the peace and contributing to the delinquency of minors and allowed to go free on bail totalling $3,700. At the trial on October 31, Judge Brumfield, finding the students guilty, and sentencing each to a $500 fine and six months in jail, said: "Some of you are local residents, some of you are outsiders. Those of you who are local residents are like sheep being led to the slaughter. If you continue to follow the advice of out side agitators, you will be like sheep and be slaughtered." October 5, McComb, Pike County: Charles Sherrod was arrested on the street, thrown into a police car, and charged with resisting arrest. Cordelle Reagan was a~so arrested and charged with contributing to the delinquency of a minor. Both were field workers for SNCC. October 11, McComb, Pike County: Paul Potter of Philadelphia, a vice president of the National Student Association and Tom Hayden of Atlanta, both white, were dragged from their car and beaten as they drove alongside a group of Negroes making an anti-segregation march. When the two slowed their car for a traffic light, a heavy-set white man opened the door and dragged the driver out and hit him several times. He then walked around to the other side of the car, opened the door and knocked the second man to the street. The incident occurred in the business I - 3 - �section of the city. Octc,ber l1..&.. McCorg}?.,1., ..F_ils;e County: Police Officer B. F. Elmore shot and killed a Negro motorist. Police Chief George Guy said that Elmore said he had stopped Eli Brumfield at 4 a.m. for speeding. Brumfield allegedly jumped from his car with a pocket knife in his hand and attacked Elmore. A coroner's jury ruled Elmore fired in self-defense. October 22 1 Jackson, Hinds County: Dion Diamond, a SNCC worker, was arrested for "running a stop sign" after being followed all day. In court the next day, the arresting officer told the judge, "He is a Freedom Rider. Throw the book at him." Diamond was refused legal counsel and fined $168. November 9, McComb, Pike County: Jerome smith, 22, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) field man, and four companions, Dorothy Smith, 18, Alice Thompson, 22, Thomas Valentine, 23, and George Raymond, 18, were attacked by a mob of 30 to 40 whites when they sought service at the lunch counter of the Greyhound bus terminal in McComb. Smith, who suffered head injuries when he was slugged with brass knuckles during the attack, said FBI agents were present at the time of the attack, but did "nothing but take notes" while the mob kicked and beat his companions. The victims were rescued from the mob by a Negro truck driver and Negro cab drivers. November 10. Jackson, Hinds County: Jessie Divens, twelve-yearold, was arrested for refusing to move to the rear of a city bus. Judge Carl Guernsey released the girl to the custody of the Rev. G. R. Horton, chaplain at Campbell College where she attended classes. Judge Guernsey continued the case until November 17, "with the understanding that the Rev. Mr. Horton and the child come back with a workable plan which would cause the child's mind to be concerned with education rather than social reformation." November 18, McComb, Pike County: Persons unknown fired a shotgun blast into the bedroom of Dion Diamond and John Hardy at 702 Wall Street. Investigating officer Frank Williams found shotgun pellets embedded in the window frame. December 1, McComb, Pike County: Four white men attacked three - 4 - �newsmen on the street, sending one crashing into a plate glass window of a store. The newsmen were Torn Uhrborck and Don Underwood, Life Magazine, and Simmons Fentress, Time Magazine. December 2, McComb, Pike County: Police broke up an attempt by ; white attackers to drag three Freedom Riders from an automobile at the Greyhound bus terminal. Four men kicked at the locked car and beat upon the windows in an attempt to reach the young Negroes and their driver, Thomas Gaither, field secretary of CORE. The police, who were standing by when the riders arrived aboard a bus from Jackson, pulled the men away from the car, but made no arrests. December 26, Jackson, Hinds County: Rafford Johnson, Negro, was severely beaten by two law officers after being involved in a minor collision with a car driven by a white woman. Johnson underwent surgery for skull injuries. - 5 - �1962 February 6, 1962, Clarksdale, Coahoma County: Miss Bessie Turner, 19, a Negro, was walking with a young man down a Clarksdale street when Clarksdale police officers stopped them and accused Miss Turner of having been involved in a theft. Miss Turner said the officers took her to the jail, forced her to unclothe and to lie on her back. She said one of the policemen then beat her between the legs with his belt. A few minutes later, Miss Turner said, the other offi- cer beat her across her naked breasts. Miss Turner filed federal charges against the officers. March 15, 1952. Sh~lby, Bolivar county: Aaron Henry, state president of the RAACP, was convicted in Justice of Peace Court on charges of makir~g ,!-)2:rvsrse advances on a white teen-age hitchhiker. Henry sta"'.:eC: ·::l1at the charges were a complete fabrication! 2.rd pr8sented an alibi st~pported by sworn witnesses. pealed. The con~Jiction has bee:1 ap- When he later stated in a press conferer.ce that the prose- cutor and the police chief, who figured in the trial, had conspired to fiu'lmehim, Henry was sued by the two for defamation. A Mississip- pi white jury awarded the prosecutor $25,000 and the police chief, $15,000. April 12, 1962, Taylorsville, Smith County: Corporal Roman Ducksworth, Jr., u. s. Army, a Negro, was shot and killed by policeman Bill Kelly when, according to an NAACP news release, Duckworth "insisted on his right to sit where he chose on an interstate bus." Policeman Kelly claimed that Ducksworth was drunk and started -6- �fighting. No charges were brought against Kelly. Ducksworth was enroute from Camp Ritchie, Maryland, to see his wife who was ill in a Laurel, Mississippi, hospital. April, 19~2, Lucedale, George Countv: Mrs. Ernestine Denham Talbert,• who lives in George County but teaches in Green County, was notified by the Green County School Board that her teaching contract would not be renewed. Mrs. Talbert had tried in January to regis- ter to vote but had been refused. May 17, ~ 1962, Bankin County: The Negro editor of the Mississippi Pres§ said he and a companion were beaten by Rankin County officers and a highway patrolman. Lawrence Hudson, Jr., of Jackson, said the beating occurred after he was stopped enroute from Jackson to Forest to check on a rumor that a Negro man had been killed by a white man. He was jailed, refused permission to phone a lawyer, tried the next day on several charges and fined $151. cr.une 21, 1962 1 Clarksdale~ Coahoma County: A white lawyer from Jackson and four college students were jailed in Clarksdale for 20 hours without outside communication. One of the students was a Negro. William Higgs, the lawyer, and the students were jailed on a Sunday night by county officers and were released the following day, without charges being filed against them. Julys, 1962, Jackson, Hinds County: Jesse Harris, 20, and Luvaghn Brown, 17, SNCC workers, charged that they were beaten and threatmed with death while serving a 30-day sentence in the county jail for contempt of court. The young Negroes had refused to move from -7- �• a court bench customarily occupied by whites while they were attending the trial of Mrs. Diane Nash Bevel. The young men said that, in the courthouse elevator, a deputy sheriff called Harris "a damned nigger" and beat him about the head with his fist. At the county farm, they were singled out as Freedom Riders and wore striped uniforms. Both were beaten by guards. Harris was beaten by a guard named "Keith" while other prisoners held him. "Keith" beat him across the back with a length of hose threatening, "Nigger, I'll kill you~" August 16, 1962, Greenwood, Leflore county: Sanuel Block, 23, SNCC field secretary, said three white men accosted him in a parking lot and "started beating me with their fists." He said they threatened him and then beat him for about five minutes •. "There is no use re- p:>rting it to local authoritie~" he said. August 17, 1962, Greenwoog, t,eflore County: SNCC workers Samuel I • Block, Luvaghn Brown, and Lawrence Guyot were forced to flee from the second story window of their voter registration office. They said armed white men invaded the premises intent upon doing them harm. August 17, 1962, Ruleyille. Sunflower County: Mayor Charles Durrough asked Mr. Lenard Davis, a Negro employed by the city, what he knew about the registration school being conducted at a Negro church. Mr. Davis replied that he didn't know anything at all about the school, and did not attend any of the classes. The mayor then told him that he, the mayor, knew what kind of school they were having. -a- �• The ma~or said he knew it 6resumably civil rights for the Negr9/ was coming, but he wasn't aoing to allow it to be forced on them. The mayor said that anyone attending the school would be given a one~way ticket out of town, and if that wouldn't do it, they would use whatever they had available. (See entry below for September 3, 1962.) August, 1962, Greenwood, L~flore COWJty: Welton McSwine, Jr., 14- year-old Negro, was arrested by police after a white woman's house had been broken into. an officer said: When police got the youth to the station, "All right, nigger, you know why you are here, and we want to know who broke into that white woman's house." McSwine told :'them he knew nothing of the incident, saying that he spent all his time in the cotton field, and suggesting that his mother could co~roborate this. McSwine said officers then took him to a cell and beat him, first hitting him in the head with a blackjack: then one of the policemen beat him in the face with his fist while another hit him in the stomach with his club; then the officers made him lie naked on the floor on his side while they beat him with a whip. McSwine was released after intercession of his father's white employer. August 21, 19§2, Liberty, Amite County: s·am Wells and Tommy Wea- • thersby went to the courthouse to register. While they were waiting to get into the registrar's office, they stood on the front porch of the courthouse. your - Deputy Sheriff Daniel Jones told them, "Get off the front porch, and don't come back on." Weathers- by and Wells got off the porch. A few moments later, rain began, -9• · �and the two wanted to take shelter in the courthouse, but Deputy Sheriff Jones would not permit it. August 21, Lil)e,;ty., . Amite county:: ~ Dewey Greene, Jr .. , Mississippi Press reporter, was taking pictures of Negroes waiting to register at the courthouse .. An unidentified young man working in the office down the hall from the registrar's office snatched Greene's camera away, and refused to return it. Greene was told to leave town by three white men, one of whom was flourishing a length of lead pipe. He left. August 29 1 1962, Clarksdale, Coahoma county: Seven Negroes were arrested after attending a voter registration meeting. David Dennis, CORE field secretary, was charged with "failure to yield right-ofway" after a police officer had forced him to submit to a long harangue of threats and abuse. Samuel Block, John Hodges, J. L. Harris, Richard T. Gray, and Albert Garrer, SNCC field workers, and Dewey Greene, Jr., reporter for the Mississippi~ Press, were forced by Clarksdale police to alight from their car, and were charged with loitering in violation of the city curfew. August 30 1 1962, Indianq_~a, Sunflower County: SNCC workers C.R. McLauren, Albert Garner, J. o. Hodges, Samuel Block, and Robert Moses were arrested by Indianola police on a charge of distributing literature without a permit. The registration workers had been tak- ing leaflets announcing a registration mass meeting door-to-door in the Negro community. Lafayette Surney, 17, another SNCC worker, was arrested and then released to Rev. James Bevel, of the Southern -10- �Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). August 31, Indianola, Sunflowe ~t.:·. County: During the trial of Samuel Block on ~harges of distributing literature without a permit, the Municipal Judge informed Block that he could cross-examine the arresting officer. Block asked the officer, "Did you actually see me hand out a leaflet?" The judge turned to the officer and said, "He can ask you anything he wants to, but you don't have to anS11er." The judge told Lafayette Sumey if he was caught in Indianola "agitating" again, he would be sent to the penal farm. September 3, 1962, Ruleville, sunflower County: Because of registration activity, two Negro-owned dry cleanin9 establishments were closed (allegedly for violating city ordinances). September 3, 1962 1 Ruleville, Sunflower County: Lenard Davis, 49, sanitation department worker, was told by Mayor Charles M. Durrough, "We're going to let you go. school." Your wife's been attending that (He referred to a registration school conducted by SNCC workers in Ruleville.) September 3, 1962, Ruleville, Sunflower County: Fred Hicks, 40, who drove field workers to the plantations, was told he could no longer use a bus without a commercial license. Hicks said the bus owner told him that, because Hicks' mother had registered to vote: "We gonna see how tight we can make it - gonna make it just as tight as we can. Gonna be rougher and rougher than you think it is." September 3, 1962 1 Ruleville, Sunflower County: Moses and Arnzie Moore, a local Negro leader, were walking down the street. A white man in a pickup truck drew up alongside and asked if they were the -11- �"folks getting the people to register." answered, yes, they were. The man asked if they could come out to his plantation to reg is tel~ people. they could come. Moses and Moore The two answered, yes, The man said then, "I'-ve got a shotgun waiting for you, double barrel." September 3, Ruleville, Sunflower county: A letter from Mayor Durrough notified the Williams Chapel Missionary Baptist Church that tax exemption and free water were being cut off because the property was being used for "purposes other than worship services." The church was a meeting place for voter registration workers. September 10, Ruleville, Sunflower County: Marylene Burkes,20, and Vivian Hillet, 19, were severely wounded when an unidentified assailant fired through the window of Miss Hillet's grandparents• home. The grandparents had been active in voter registration work. October 3, Biloxi, Harrison county: A Negro frame residence and a gasoline station were ·targets for two "Molotov cocktails" which caused more than $4,000 damage. One of the bombs struck the home of Dr. Gilbert Mason, a Negro physician, who is active in integration efforts. The other crashed through the window of a service station operated by Emmett Clark, a Negro. Octobers. Harmony, Leake County: 4 Night riders fired shotguns into eight Negro homes and a Negro store. An elderly Negro said he was struck in the knee by a squirrel shot while he and his 9-year-old grandson were sleeping. seriously hurt. He said he was not Harmony Negroes had recently petitioned authori- ties for school desegregation. October 10, Columbus, Lowndes County: A"M~lotov c_o cktail" was tossed from a speeding car into the home of Dr. James L. Allen of Columbus, vice chairman of the Mis~issippi Advisory Committee -12- �to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. October 29, ClarkSd~-~ t Co~11oma Coun~: Charles McLaurin, SNCC registration worker, was stopped by police as he was taking a group home from the courthouse. to vote. ~he group had tried to register The officer asked to see McLaurin's driver's license. McLaurin showed it. doing there. The officer asked McLaurin what he was McLaurin told him he worked in voter registration. Then, accompanied by obscene remarks, the officer said, "Nigger, do you know the way out of town? McLaurin replied, "Yes." The officer said, with more obscenity, ''Nigger! can't you say •yes, sir? 111 The officer's partner asked the officer what charge r·hould be put on the tickets. The officer said, "Charge the - - - - $26 on both charges." "Nigger, you got $52?" replied, "No." McLaurin The officer said, "Then you• re going to jail." At the jail, McLaurin learned that the officer was Clarksdale Police Chief Ben Collins. McLaurin was in jail a few minutes when his companions posted bond for him in the amount of $103. They decided to forf~it bond rather than run the risk of a higher fine or incur the legal expense of an appeal. October 31, Jackson, Hinds county: minister, Thomas E. Johnson, a white and a member of the Mississippi Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights1 saw a group of neighbors dumping garbage on his lawn. Johnson had just returned from taking his car to a safe place because of threats by neighbors to damage it. Johnson sought a peace bond against the man whom he had observed leading the garbage-dumping -13- �operations of his neighbors. The man presented eleven witnesses who swore that he had been in their presence at all times on the evening in question. The Justice of the Peace accepted their testimony and refused the bond. Then the Hinds County Grand Jury indicted Johnson and his wife on perjury charges, because of their testimony at the peace bond hearing. November 6, 1962, Greenville, Washington County: Two WAF's and two airmen (all white) from the Greenville Air Force Base were fined $55 and given 30-day suspended sentences on charges of creating a disturbance by entering a restaurant and seeking service with two Negro voter registration workers. December 26, 1962 1 Clarksdale, Coahoma County: Ivanhoe Donaldson and Benjamin Taylor, students from Detroit, brought a truckload of food, clothing and medicines for distribution to the Delta's needy families who had been cut off from federal surplus commodities. (The medicines had been donated by a physician in Louisville, and were consigned to Aaron Henry, a licensed pharmacist.) They were arrested by Clarksdale police and held for "investigation. 0 After police searched the truck on December 27, and found what they de~ s·<i?ri'bed as "a drug used to ease the pain of middle-aged women, " Donaldson and Taylor were charged with possession of narcotics and bond was set at $15,000. Bond was later reduced to $1,500. -14- �1963 January 17, Canton, Madison County: The castrated and mutilated body of Sylvester M~xwell, 24-year-old Negro, was found by his brother-in-law less than 500 yards from the home of a white family. Mississippi NAACP Field Secretary Medger Evers termed the slaying a "probable lynching." February 2, Greenwood, Leflore County: Willie Peacock, SNCC reg'stration worker, complained to the Justice Department tha'i. officials had refused to register him on two occasions, and had rejected his poll tax payment for this year. February 20, Greenwood, Leflore County~ Four Negro businesses on the same street as the SNCC voter registration office were burned to the ground. Mrs. Nancy Brand, a worker in the SNCC office, reported an anonymous telephone call in which a man's voice asked her if she ever came to the office. When she said yes, the voice said, "You won't be going down there anymore, that's been taken care of." The burned businesses were Jackson's Garage, George's Cafe, Porter's Pressing Shop, and the Esquire Club. The pressing shop is next door to the SNCC office, and SNCC workers believed the businesses were burned by mistake. Sam Block, SNCC Field Secretary, was arrested two days later for suggesting there was some connection between the burnings and the registration efforts of SNCC. He was charged with circulating statements calculated to create a breach of the peace. -15- �February 28~. Greenwood, Leflore county: were attacked with gunfire on wood. u.s. Three registration worker s ·Highway 82 just outside Green- The shots were fired from a 1962 white Buick. The car in which the workers were riding was p~nctured by eleven bullets. One worker;. James Travis of SNCC, was wounded in the neck and shoulder. March 4, Clarksdale, Coahoma County: 'the show windows in the Fourth Street Drug store were smashed, as they have been several times in the past. The proprietor of the store, Aaron Henry, found the damage when he returned from speaking at a mass meeting in Leflore County in connectiQn with the voter registration drive there. March 6, Greenwood, Leflore County: Samuel Block and three others were fired on from a station wagon which pulled up beside their car as they were parked in front of the SNCC voter registration office. Both front windows were shattered. Police later found the wadding from a shotgun shell buried in the head-liner of Block's car, and several pellets in the wall of the building in front of which the car had been parked. March 12, Greenwood, Leflore county: A twelve-year-old Negro girl was atta~ed by an egg-throwing truckload of white teenaged boys. The girl suffered facial bruises. March 20 1 1963 1 Jackson, Hinds County: # Three shots were fired through the windshield of a car belonging to Mrs. Mattie Dennis �while it was parked in front of the home of Mrs. Dennis• cousin , whom she was visiting. Mrs. Dennis is the wife of David Dennis, CORE Pield Secretary for Mississippi. Both have been active in voter registration. March 24, 1963, Greenwood, Leflore county: Fire destroyed partially the interior of the voter registration office at 115 E. McLaurin St., making the office unusable and necessitating a search for new headquarters. Witnesses said they saw two white men fleeing the scene shortly before the fire was discovered. March 26, 1963, Greenwood, _Leflore County: A shotgun blast ripped into the home of Dewey Greene, Sr., father of the latest Negro applicant to the University of Mississippi. Another of Mr. Greene's sons and a daughter have been active in .the Leflore County registration project. Greenwood police said they were investigating. March 27, 1963, Greenwood, Leflore county: James Forman, Executive Secretary of SNCC, Bob Moses, and about ten other registration workers were arrested and taken from a group en route to the courthouse to register after the police dispersed a group of more than 100 ~egroes with the use of police dogs. (30) -17- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource News Release: Voter Education Project Description An account of the resource Printed news release for the Voter Education Project outlining 64 acts of intimidation and violence against African Americans in Mississippi since 1961. The Voter Education project attempted to provide a detailed list of the most egregious acts of violence against African Americans in Mississippi at the time. The instances of violence are also listed out by county and date in the news release. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Voter Education Project (Atlanta, Ga.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-03-31 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1963-03-31 Subject The topic of the resource Voter intimidation ; Civil rights ; Freedom Summer ; Voter Education ; Civil Rights (Mississippi) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Mississippi Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1961-01-01/1963-03-31 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Printed news release by the Voter Registration Project of Atlanta, Georgia. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Mississippi State University Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2608/EN3414_Spring2024_AnnaRodgers_Complete_cropped.pdf 046ad2e956c54bf09b2ac55ebdd7b353 PDF Text Text DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROGRESS IN MISSISSIPPI MISSISSIPPI PROJECT Although the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee has active projects in thirteen Southern states, it has achieved its most dynamic success in the state of Mississippi. A state where individual political life is nonexistant, where the economic condition of a vast majority of the population is appalling, the home of white supremacy, Mississippi has become the main target of SNCC's staff and resources. In August, 1961, SNCC went into Mississippi under the leadership of Project Director Robert Moses. Overcoming violence and hardship, SNCC workers have been able to expand their activity into all five of Mississippi's congressional districts. By fall, 1963, SNCC had joined with CORE, SCLC, the NAACP and many voting and civic groups in forming a statewide organization, the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), and th1mugh COFO conducted a Freedom Vote campaign in which 80,000 disenfranchised Negroes cast ballots for Aaron Henry for Governor. Preparation for real democracy calls for additional programs in the state. Literacy projects have been instituted, and food and clothing drives. But much more comprehensive programs are needed to combat the terrible cultural and economic deprivation of Negro communities in Mississippi. This summer, SNCC, in cooperation with COFO, is launching a massive Peace Corpstype operation in Mississippi. Students, teachers, technicians, nurses, artists and legal advisors will be recruited to come to Mississippi to staff a wide range of prqgrams that include voter registration, freedom schools, community centers and special projects. DEPENDS ON YOU The Mississippi Summer Project needs money now to establish and support the activities described in this pamphlet. We are asking the people of America-individuals as well as institutions-to contribute now to assist SNCC in its commitment to the struggle for justice in the state of Mississippi. A contribution in any amount will be of help. For example: $5 will supply school materials for one day- student for the entire summer. $25 will pay the utility bills for one Freedom School for the ~fW-WeTt , · $50 will buy officf~i):i£1f'J L Lfr:iq~RY for erre •00:tl!PITY ~fJHC: ~tr(LEGE, MISSISSIPPI registration field office. $100 will buy materials for a home nursing and baby care class for one Community Center. $125 will buy one tape recorder for a Free- dom School. $400 will provide scholarship money for one Southern Negro college student, enabling him to return to school after working in Mississippi for the summer. $2000 will rent and remodel a building for one Community Center. $3000 will buy one used bus for transporting vote workers and registrants. Send your contribution to: MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT All photographs were taken during Freedom Dav at H:ittiesburg, Mississippi. on January 22. 1964. A bove photo by 1\orns Md Namara; other photos by Danny Lyon. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 81h Raymond Street, N. W. Atlanta 14, Georgia EN3414_Spring2024__AnnaRodgers_001 �ed by 10th, 11th, and 12th grade pupils; the schools will opera-se five days a week in the students' home town·s. Instruction will be highly individualized-each school will have about fifteen teachers and fifty students. The program will include remedial work in reading, math and basic grammar, as well as seminars in political science, the humanities, journalism and creative writing. Whereever possible, studies will be related to problems in the students' own society. The three resident schools will be attended by more advance students from throughout the state. The program will be es3entially the same as that of the day schools, with emphasis on political studies. VOTER REGISTRATION The struggle for freedom in Mississippi can only be won by a combination of action within the state and a heightened awareness throughout the country of the need for massive federal intervention to ensure the voting rights of Negroes . This summer's program will work toward both objectives. Voter registration workers will operate in every rural county and important urban area in the state. These workers will be involved in a summer-long drive to mobilize the Negro community of Mississippi and assist in developing local leadership and organization. Forty thousand dollars must be raised for a Freedom Registration campaign. The registration campaign which was launched in February will be implemented by summer workers. Freedom Registrars will be established in every precinct, with registration fc; books closely resembling the official books of the state. The Freedom Registration books will serve as a basis for challenging the official books and the validity of "official" federal elections this fall. Finally, voter registration workers will assist in the summer campaigns of Freedom Candidates who will be running for congressional office. FREEDOM SCHOOLS An integral part of SNCC's voter registration work is the development of leadership for politically emerging communities. Freedom Schools will begin to supply the political education which the existing system does not provide for Negroes in Mississippi. The summer project will establish ten daytime Freedom Schools and three resident schools. The daytime schools will be attend- The students who attend the schools will provide Mississippi with a nucleus of leadership committed to critical thought and social action. RESEARCH PROJECT The program of voter registration and political organization will attempt to change the fundamental structure of political and economic activity in Mississippi. In order to accurately picture this structure, extensive research must be done into Mississippi's suppressive political and economic life. Skilled personnel are needed to carry out this program both from within and outside the state. WHITE COMMUNITY PROJECT The effort to organize and educate Mississippi whites in the direction of democracy and decency can no longer be delayed. About thirty students, Southern whites who have recently joined the civil rights movement, will begin pilot projects in white communities. An attempt will be made to organize poor white areas to make steps toward eliminating bigotry , poverty and ignorance. COMMUNITY CENTERS In addition to the Freedom Schools, Community Centers will provide services normally denied the Negro community in Mississippi. Staffed by experienced social workers, nurses, librarians and teachers in the arts and crafts, the centers will provide educational and cultural programs for the community. Instruction will be given in pre-natal and infant care, and general hygiene; programs will provide adult literacy and vocational training. The thirty thousand books now in SNCC's Greenwood office library will be distributed to these centers, and others will be obtained. The centers will serve as places of political education and organization, and will pravide a structure to channel a wide range of programs into the Negro community in the future. ll} I EN3414_Spring2024__AnnaRodgers_002 LAW STUDENT PROJECT A large number of law students will come to Mississippi to launch a massive legal offensive against the official tyranny of the state. The time has come to challenge every Mississippi law which deprives Negroes of their rights, and to bring suit against every state and local official who commits crimes in the name of his office. Trained Personnel Are Needed For applications write: MISSISSIPPI SUMMER PROJECT 1017 Lynch Street - Room 10 Jackson, Mississippi (applications must be received by mid-April) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pamphlet, Mississippi Summer Project Description An account of the resource The item is a pamphlet that is folded into 8 sections including a title page. Text is placed on the front and back of each section. It includes images of members of the Mississippi Summer Project. The goal of the object is to detail the goals, objectives, and successes of the Mississippi Summer Project group. The final section includes a list of donation amounts and what they will go towards. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mississippi Summer Project: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource COFO workers of Starkville Mississippi, Norris McNamara, Danny Lyon Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1964 Subject The topic of the resource Freedom Summer Project; Civil Rights Movements; Civil Rights Workers; Civil Rights Grassroots Movement Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Physical medium. Text. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries civil rights freedom summer grassroots Mississippi Summer Project Voters Rights https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2606/MFDPattheDNCPamphlet_1.jpg 300ec69db4f2eea497b0950f758b460c https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2606/MFDPattheDNCPamphlet_2.jpg 7386599c5c8a5501ce21b510e8777876 https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2606/MFDPattheDNCPamphlet_CompleteItemwithtext.pdf 036c030d093dd704d522564d8ee7542b PDF Text Text FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY ' - Freedom Democratic Party Convention Challenge The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party is the political party for ill the people in Mississippi--Negro and white-whoare registered on the Freedom Registration books. We are going to send the people that were picked at our district and state meetings to the national democratic contion. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party is running Preedom Candidates for Congress and Senate. Mrs. Fannie Lou namer (C) Mr. James Houston (C) Rev. John Cameron (C) Mrs. Victoria Gray (S) Why do we have the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party? Because the Mississippi Democratic Party ia only for a few white people who have regr;:' tered to vote under unfair voting laws. Council OJ Federated Organizations supports They're going to tell the people at the national meeting that they know what the people of Mississippi want. -··- -~ They are going to say that the people sent by the Mississippi Democratic Party do !lil know what the people of Mississippi want. We want the people from the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to be the official group from Mississippi at the national meeting. The Miasissippi Democratic Party runs people like: Jamie Whitten James Eastland Paul Johnson Rois Barnett for important offices. The people in Mississippi and people all over the country are tired of having people like that represent Missi1sippi in the government. So we have formed in Mississippi. a new party The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party is for all people who want to be free.- If you want to ask call or write to: questions Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Headquarters 1017 Lynch St. Jackson Mississippi phone: 352-9605 MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY EN3414_Spring2024__JamesDurr_002 �Democratic National Convention The Democratic National Convention is a very big meeting in August. We will have: COUNTY MEETINGS It is a very important meeting because people in the Democratic Party choose the person they want to run for President of the United States. How many? There will be 82 county meetings-one in each county in the state. fill£.£.!.!!. come? The people who we picked at the precinct meeting. fillU ll!.l t h e y ~ They will choose people to go to the district and state meetings People in the Democratic Party from all over the country come together to talk. Mississippi sends a group of people to this national meeting. This summer we are going to send a Freedom group to the national meeting. In order to choose the people that we want to go to the National meeting we will have to have four kinds of meetings here in Mississippi first. We will have: PRECINCT MEETINGS ~ many? As many precinct meetings as we can have-all over the state. Who can come? Everyone who is -registered on the Freedom Registration books. What will they do? They will choose people to go to the county meetings. We will have: DISTRICT MEETINGS !!2 state convention t ~~~~~~ District Conventions t ~ft ~it ~1, ~ll County Conventions many? There will be five district meetings--one in each district in the state. fill.2. .un. come? The people who were picked at the county meetings. fillil ~ t h e y ~ They will choose some people to go to the national meeting. We will haves A STATE MEETING lliu!_ many? There will be one state meeting. lli .£.!.!1 come? The same people who went to the district meetings. What till t h e y ~ They will all get together and choose more people to go to the national meeting. Precinct Meetin~s EN3414_Spring2024__JamesDurr_001 � https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2606/MFDPatttheDNCPamphlet_Front.jpg d2eab02f55b5357d4ca66390a6b635b0 https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2606/MFDPatttheDNCPamphlet_Candidates.jpg f1f2ae9ba785a7dd7c59fd1ac9660751 https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2606/MFDPatttheDNCPamphlet_Back.jpg 20c5f7cbbf5dba46a8c0af4f9ef77add https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/28/2606/MFDPatttheDNCPamphlet_Back_2.jpg 44b97160ef0aa684789dc6a3b05b63ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOTE! Revisiting Freedom Summer Description An account of the resource This exhibit will highlight items related to Freedom Summer of 1964. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KC New, Spring 2024 EN 3414 students Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Anna Rodgers, Christina Beland, Christopher Jolivette, Emma Obryant, James Durr, LaRavia Evans, Rachel Hargrove, Ethan Jackson, Hayden Pilkinton, Madison Adams, Marlee-Keeton Pierce, Meg McDougal, Rayana Brown, Rowan Feasel Lauren Geiger, Carrie Mastley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 2024 Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. Photo of the dam site where three civil rights workers were buried. Copy of FBI photo by People Magazine Photographer. 94983P/C4/32. Christopher R. Harris. Florence Mars. Black and White print. 9-23-77. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Print Pamphlet Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pamphlet, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Educating on Democratic National Convention Description An account of the resource This pamphlet is a three panel front and back pamphlet educating Mississippi citizens on the Democratic National Convention (DNC) and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party's (MFDP) goal to make sure there is proper representation at the convention. The pamphlet was created to encourage Mississippians to support the MFDP as the democratic representative at the DNC because the main democratic party in Mississippi at the time excluded Black Americans. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.);MFDP (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1964-8-24 Subject The topic of the resource MFDP (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party);Mississippi Freedom Summer Project;Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.);Democratic National Convention Language A language of the resource en Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource MFDP (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Mississippi Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. circa 1964-8-24 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text StillImage Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MFDPattheDNCPamphlet_1 MFDPattheDNCPamphlet_2 MFDPattheDNCPamphlet_CompleteItemwithtext MFDPatttheDNCPamphlet_Candidates MFDPatttheDNCPamphlet_Front MFDPatttheDNCPamphlet_Back MFDPatttheDNCPamphlet_Back_2 council of federated organizations Democratic National Convention Freedom Democratic Party freedom summer Freedom vote Mississippi https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/26/2573/11.png 91c123ab71592a517c7de9046bb8627b https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/26/2573/14.png 73aab6d6dc8eca57319df91f91c6067c https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/26/2573/24.png 91ca83b34f6001b7ba117f027e09aa61 https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/26/2573/28.png 09ee65fab49133f9d971079e3df54213 https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/files/original/26/2573/4.png f812a4a193175196b8c9465faf484399 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AI Art with Ardith Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Drawing Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 4x6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Money Heist Storyboard "Day of Heist" Description An account of the resource Black and white storyboarding drawings, of Money Heist Episode 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Vo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 4, 2024 Subject The topic of the resource Storyboards Type The nature or genre of the resource Drawings Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital Drawing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights to Thomas Vo 2024 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi State University Libraries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This item item is a part of a class assignment. There may be inaccuracies in the metadata and in it's exhibit (https://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/ai-art-ardith).