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                  <text>Against All Odds: The First Black Legislators in Mississippi </text>
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                  <text>DeeDee Baldwin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assistant Professor, History Research Librarian&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:dbaldwin@library.msstate.edu"&gt;dbaldwin@library.msstate.edu&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;EXECUTION OF GREEN HENRY.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An Immense Crowd Present to Witness the Death Scene.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the Columbus Press, July 31.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At an early hour yesterday morning, all the thoroughfares leading to the city were thronged with people, coming to witness the execution of Green Henry. Many were on foot and had walked as far as twenty miles. The crowd in town was variously estimated at from two to three thousand.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The prisoner had been unshackled at eight o’clock in the morning, and shaved and dressed in white pants and shirt. He seemed perfectly resigned to his awful fate. At eleven o’clock the Sheriff proceeded to the jail with his deputies, and, ascending the stairs brought down the prisoner to the scaffold in the rear of the jail, clad in his dark death mantle. Dr.&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes"&gt;J. F. Bouldin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;lead in a hymn, which was joined in by many of the assemblage, after which he offered up an eloquent prayer in behalf of the condemned. Rev. Mr. Harrison then preached a short and very appropriate sermon, abounding in words of consolation and hope for the doomed man. In response to questions propounded by Dr. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes"&gt;Bouldin&lt;/a&gt; he said his faith in the saving grace of the Saviour, was unshaken, and he relied implicitly upon Him. The Sheriff then read the&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DEATH WARRANT,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;and asked the prisoner if he had anything to say before the sentence of the law was executed upon him. He stepped forward upon the trap, immediately underneath the gallows, and in a clear and steady voice addressed the multitude. He said he was ready to die. He had made up his mind that he must die, and set about making his peace with God. He believed he had full pardon, and rejoiced in the sweet peace it gave him.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;He protested this his shooting of the jailor, in the attempt to escape last winter, was accidental – which, we believe, is now generally conceded to be true. He then with scarcely a tremor in his voice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;BADE HIS FRIENDS GOOD BYE,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;shaking hands with those upon the scaffold. He placed his hands behind him to be tied; this being done his feet were also tied, the rope was put around his neck, the black cap over his face, the trigger was sprung, and the culprit&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DROPPED THREE AND ONE-HALF FEET,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;when, to the horror of all, the knot, which the Sheriff had procured a professional to tie, slipped, and he fell to the ground. He was placed upon the scaffold immediately, being perfectly conscious, and indeed, not seriously hurt, and while another knot was being tied, drank some water and talked. At this moment came a&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DISPATCH FROM GOVERNOR AMES,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;in response to a petition for commutation which had been sent in the morning. The Governor&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DECLINED TO INTERFERE&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;and Green Henry was again placed under the gallows and the rope adjusted. He gave directions to the Sheriff to “be certain and have everything right this time.” Again the trap was sprung and with a fall of four feet his neck was broken and he died without a struggle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After hanging fifteen minutes, Doctors R. E. Lanier and P. J. Maxwell pronounced him dead, and he was placed in his coffin and delivered to his relatives to be buried at Tabernacle Churchyard, twelve miles East of Columbus, beside his mother, in obedience to his last request.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Weekly Mississippi Pilot&lt;/em&gt; clipping</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Boulden, Jesse Freeman, 1820-1899&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; Lowndes County (Miss.); Columbus (Miss.); Capital punishment--Mississippi</text>
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                  <text>DeeDee Baldwin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assistant Professor, History Research Librarian&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:dbaldwin@library.msstate.edu"&gt;dbaldwin@library.msstate.edu&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;[Article contains graphic description of hanging. For context on Green Henry, see&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/item/2246"&gt;this letter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/item/2247"&gt;this letter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;from&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes"&gt;J. F. Boulden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;to Governor Ames.]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;HANGING AT COLUMBUS.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the Columbus Index.]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In March, 1874, says the indictment, Green Henry murdered Slegg Wilson, in this county, near Caledonia. Both were negroes, the former a mulatto about nineteen years old. The evidence adduced showed that Henry and Wilson had quarreled in regard to the curing of a disease which Henry had; and soon afterward Henry followed Wilson down a road some distance, and when within fifteen feet of him shot him through the back of the head. Wilson expired without a word.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On last Friday large crowds of negroes from the surrounding country began to collect in town. Indeed, some came in the night before; and at sunrise on Friday there were small groups in the vicinity of the jail, awaiting the doom of Green Henry. By eleven o’clock the open spaces to the south of the jail, the doors and windows of the adjacent stores on the south and east, including those of the Gilmer Hotel, were crowded with an expectant multitude. Fully two thousand persons had their eyes fixed on the gallows, which was erected within ten feet of the back door of the jail.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Shortly after 11 o’clock Sheriff Lewis, accompanied by members of the city papers, of the bar and the pulpit, proceeded to the jail to carry out the sentence of the law. The rope, in which John L. Moss had tied the knot, was hanging from the horizontal beam of the gallows.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rev. W. F.&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes"&gt;[J. F.] Boulden&lt;/a&gt;, colored, and W. S. Harrison, of the Methodist Church, accompanied Green Henry to the scaffold. The former gave out the hymn, “Show pity Lord, O Lord forgive,” and it was sung by the immense throng of negroes present. At the conclusion of the hymn he prayed long and eloquently in behalf of the condemned man. The prisoner was evidently excited, but upon permission of the Sheriff, he addressed the multitude in a loud, clear voice. He expressed his pleasure at seeing so many present, and said that he was ready to die.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At this point a negro woman in the jail yard became wild, shrieked and fell in a fainting fit, and was carried off.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Henry proceeded to confess his guilt; said he committed the crime through ignorance, and not because he had a bad heart; he never had any parents to teach him right from wrong; he had lived honestly; his trouble came from his having fallen into a rowdy crowd.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Here he paused to say something to the Sheriff, and then continued. He reiterated his belief that he would be saved.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Then he shook hands with all on the platform, bidding them good-bye. “Tell ’em,” were his last words, “to take my body to my mother.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The muscles of his face quivered, but the gaze of his eyes was steady.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;He wore white pantaloons, and he was enveloped in a horrid black robe that trailed to his feet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;He was clearly agitated, and his lips kept moving in prayer: He looked around as they were pinning his hands and feet, and being asked what he wanted, mentioned the name of Col. Meek. Col. Meek came forward, and Green Henry bade him adieu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The cape of the black robe was drawn forward over the doomed man’s head at twenty minutes past 12 o’clock. Quickly the Sheriff and his attendants stepped from the platform, a deputy jerked the lever that supported the scaffold from its fastenings, and gave the floor of the scaffold a kick.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An unearthly groan arose from the thousands of negroes who thronged the adjacent walls and vacant places.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The scaffold fell with an awful sound; Green Henry dangled an instant in the air, and then fell full length on the ground beneath the balcony of the jail. Everybody was horrified; the Sheriff could scarcely move. A surgeon felt the pulse of the fallen man and said he was alive. The colored deputy and an assistant raised Henry, carried him back to the balcony, and removed the black crape from his face. His brow was covered with perspiration, though he did not appear frightened. He was alive and perfectly conscious, and continued to murmur, “Jesus save me!” There was a slight abrasion on his neck, and he was spitting blood. At this point a telegram came from Gov. Ames, whom Col. Meek and others had been importuning for Green Henry’s life. It said: “I cannot interfere; show this to Mr. Meek and others.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;By this time the knot had been retied, and Henry was assisted to rise. His feet pinioned, he advanced as well as he could to the center of the platform. As the Sheriff adjusted the noose, Henry said, “Don’t choke me.” The Sheriff loosened the knot, and Henry asked, “Got it tied right?” “Yes,” said the Sheriff, and he asked a doctor if it was not right. The doctor directed the knot to be placed further to the rear of the ear, which was done.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Sheriff stepped back; the deputy touched the lever, and Green Henry again swung in the air at 38 minutes past 12 o’clock.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A thrill of horror ran through the multitude, and a number of negro women fainted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The body, after the drop, was convulsed several times; the shoulders shrugged and the feet were drawn up. The neck was broken, the skin of the throat was torn, and a small stream of blood trickled down his breast. The drop was four and a half feet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After six minutes a doctor felt Henry’s pulse; he still lived. He hung fourteen minutes, and then, at 3 minutes to 1 o’clock, the doctors said he was dead.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Boulden, Jesse Freeman, 1820-1899&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; Lowndes County (Miss.); Columbus (Miss.); Capital punishment--Mississippi</text>
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                  <text>DeeDee Baldwin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assistant Professor, History Research Librarian&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:dbaldwin@library.msstate.edu"&gt;dbaldwin@library.msstate.edu&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Columbus, Miss. Jan 12th 1875&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To his Excellency&lt;br /&gt;A Ames&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dear sir it becomes my painfull duty to recall the letter I wrote you on the 8th Inst in reference to Green Williams as I called him but I learn his name is Green Henry, when I wrote you I did-not know there was any one interested about him but myself, but I have since learned that there was a general sympthy for him, with the members of the Bar &amp;amp; others, so much so, a petition was being prepared for a Respite, &amp;amp; if possible to have his sentence commuted from hanging to imprisonment. But now the wind is taken out of all of our sails. last night he attempted to break jail, &amp;amp; in doing so he shot the Jailor. So I take it all back, &amp;amp; ask nothing for him at all.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Your humble Servant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes"&gt;J F. Boulden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Letter from Jesse Freeman Boulden to Governor Ames, revoking his previous request for a pardon for Green Henry.</text>
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                <text>Document at the &lt;a href="https://cwrgm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Civil War &amp;amp; Reconstruction Governors of Mississippi Project&lt;/a&gt;. Original held at the Mississippi Department of Archives &amp;amp; History.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Columbus Miss Jan 8&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;/75&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To his excellency.&lt;br /&gt;Gov A Ames.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dear sir it may be possible that the subject upon which I open correspondince may be an undue interferance with the juditial, &amp;amp; executive departements, &amp;amp; if so I hope I may be pardoned for the liberty I take, for I am sure I do not intend anything of the kind; but I act from feelings of pure humanity, unsolicite, &amp;amp; even without consultation. Known to your honour, doubtless, there are those prisoners in our Jail under the sentence of death, &amp;amp; since their conviction they have had but little spiritual advice outside of what I have have gave, &amp;amp; I am free to confess I have not gave them as much as I might. But be that as it may, I want to call your special attention to Green Williams, who the Hon W Bliss says is a poor Devil without any friends. For the other two their Attornies are filing bills of exception. But poor Green no one appears to care for his soul, &amp;amp; I do not know that I ought to you either about pardon or commutation, but after visiting him today &amp;amp; conversing with on the circumstances leading to his crime, &amp;amp; remembering what Lawyer Bliss said but a few days ago I thought I might without doing any violence venture to say a word to you. He acknowledges his crime, &amp;amp; says he done it because he was actuelly afraid of the man he killed, who threttend to kill him &amp;amp; as he understood it was going to get his gun apast whose house he had to go to get home, &amp;amp; as he had been positive about what he was going to doo, thought he would stop him before he got it. Green manifests great sorrow for his act. I have talked &amp;amp; prayed with all those men, but have never questioned any of them upon the circumstances leading to their crime untill today, &amp;amp; after conversing soariously with Green, knowing according the sentence he only had a week from today to live, I felt it to be my duty to lay his case before you as I understand it. It might be proper for me to state just here I know nothing of Green's antisedants. I only know him as a prisoner, &amp;amp; now it is with greate hesitancey that I ask for anything. For pardon I would not dare to ask. But might you not find a place in your clomoncy, where his sentence might be changed from hanging to solitarry confinement, for a number of years. Green is quite young, scarce arrived to his majority: &amp;amp; he declairs he would never do the like again. Moste excellent sir I fear I have troubled you with a too volluminess a letter, &amp;amp; if so I hope you will pardon me for that or any other inovation on my part. In doing this I feel I feel have discharged a grave duty, as the boy appears to be without friends as Mr&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Bliss says, &amp;amp; now if he hangs I shall feel I have done my duty, &amp;amp; if his sentence is commuted I shall feel I have rendered him&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;some very important service.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I am Sir your Obediant Servant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes"&gt;J F. Boulden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Document at the &lt;a href="https://cwrgm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Civil War &amp;amp; Reconstruction Governors of Mississippi Project&lt;/a&gt;. Original held at the Mississippi Department of Archives &amp;amp; History.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Jackson Miss Feb 20th 1875&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To his excellency A Ames Gov of the State of Miss.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dear sir, I am sorry that I feel it to be my duty to tender you my resignation as trustee of Alcorn University, because the affairs of the Institution have got into such a condition that nothing will give satisfaction but a partial chainge, &amp;amp; that instanto, &amp;amp; as we have faled to effect that change, I present you with this instrument to take effect from &amp;amp; after date.&lt;/p&gt;
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              <text>Board of Trustees.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rev. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/hiram-rhodes-revels"&gt;Hyram R. Revels&lt;/a&gt;, D.D., President;&lt;br /&gt;Hon. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/james-j--spelman--madison-coun"&gt;James J. Spelman&lt;/a&gt;, Secretary;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Col. Samuel J. Ireland, Rev. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/jesse-freeman-boulden--lowndes"&gt;Jesse F. Boulden&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;br /&gt;Hon. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/ambrose-henderson--chickasaw-c"&gt;Ambrose Henderson&lt;/a&gt;, Hon. George F. Brown,&lt;br /&gt;Hon. William H. Gibbs, Gen. William W. Dedrick,&lt;br /&gt;Hon. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/doctor-stites--washington-coun"&gt;Doctor Stites&lt;/a&gt;, Hon. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/merrimon-howard--jefferson-cou"&gt;Merriman Howard&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;br /&gt;Hon. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/james-j--spelman--madison-coun"&gt;James J. Spelman&lt;/a&gt;, Hon. &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/robert-gleed--lowndes-county-"&gt;Robert Gleed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Executive Committee.&lt;br /&gt;George F. Brown, W. W. Dedrick, &lt;a href="http://msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com/exhibits/show/legislators/james-j--spelman--madison-coun"&gt;James J. Spelman&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Treasurer.&lt;br /&gt;Robert H. Wood, Esq.</text>
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